"But it may mean shifting the troubles to Chinese companies," Mei said.

To become eligible to import certain technologies, Chinese companies must undergo a certification process in which they "should demonstrate an established record of non-proliferation and responsible civilian use of US imports," according to the rules.

McCormick cautioned earlier that the certification process will require unprecedented openness and co-operation on the part of Chinese companies.

US high-tech exports to China amounted to only US$12 billion last year, compared to US$41.8 billion for total exports, according to US customs statistics.